Marks and Spencer PLC financial performance- answer 3 questions Essay

Imprints and Spencer PLC budgetary execution answer 3 inquiries - Essay Example See Table A beneath comparable to Appendices A, B, C and A-1. It might be noticed that arrival on value utilizes the equation where net benefit is partitioned by the all out stockholders’ value. When contrasted with a normal pace of 0.50% if cash was put resources into a bank, its normal ROE of 35% makes it to in excess of a seventy times and the rate is something truly amazing to discover for financial specialists. The 0.50% is the Bank of England base rate could speak to the hazard free rate interest in the UK (Housepricecrash, 2011). Beside productivity, it is likewise speaking to know whether the organization the board is effective. To quantify the last mentioned, this paper utilizes return on resources (ROA). The company’s normal ROA of 9% throughout the previous six years was higher than industry normal of 1.6%. Hole seemed to have higher normal ROA however ROE is additionally controlling from the perspective of financial specialists (Van Horne, 1992). By looking at the two proportions, apparently MKS is both gainful and productive than industry. The justifiable gainfulness and effectiveness of the organization is additionally demonstrated by the company’s net working edge and net overall revenue. The subsequent normal working edge and normal net revenues for as far back as six years are 11% and 7% separately as against the business midpoints of 2.02% and 1.13% individually. Working edge results subsequent to deducting cost of deals or benefits and working costs from net edge (Helfert, 2001) MKS’s net edge for the most recent year time frame was posted at 5.7% as against industry normal of 0.23%. See Table A. On the off chance that the rate is thought about the working net revenue, it could be discovered that net overall revenue is lower. This implies MKS expected to spend different costs to fund a portion of its obtaining. It further implies that MKS is utilizing different people’s cash while improving productivity for

Binomial Distributions in Public Health

As indicated by Gerstman (2007), a binomial occasion is what has just two results, and accordingly in the event that the likelihood for one of the results is known, at that point the likelihood that the other result will happen is essentially the distinction of the known likelihood from 1. Regarding rehashed preliminaries as autonomous occasions, the aggregation of consequences of a binomial investigation adjusting the quantity of wanted victories while keeping the quantity of preliminaries fixed structures a binomial distribution.The binomial likelihood circulation in this manner gives a thought of how likely it is that progressive triumphs can happen over a given number of preliminaries. For state a straightforward trial of tossing a reasonable coin multiple times, the likelihood of getting a heads in any hurl is 0. 5. Accordingly, the likelihood of getting no heads at all in the four hurls is 0. 5^4 while the likelihood of getting precisely 1 heads is 0. 5^2, and the likelihood of getting 2 heads is 0.5 and afterward the likelihood of getting multiple heads diminishes in a similar way that the probabilities expanded in the movement depicted. In the event that the probabilities are modified so that achievement is significantly more likely in a solitary occasion than disappointment, at that point given five preliminaries it would be normal that having progressive victories would be more plausible than progressive disappointments. The binomial conveyance additionally permits probabilities for numerous occasions to just be included request to give a thought of the all out likelihood for that event.For model while figuring out what the likelihood of getting all things considered 2 heads in four flips of a coin, the probabilities of getting precisely 0 heads, 1 heads, and 2 heads can basically be added to give the right likelihood for getting close to 2 heads. Give this nature of the binomial likelihood appropriation, its applications to general wellbeing gets cle ar. Villeneuve (2002) states that the binomial appropriation can be utilized â€Å"to portray the occasions an occasion [such as a disease] will happen in a gathering of [people]† if the likelihood concerning the event of that occasion is known.For model, if the likelihood of getting tainted by rabies on the off chance that you were chomped by a specific creature is known, at that point given a specific number of individuals who were totally nibbled by that specific creature in a zone it is conceivable to sensibly decide what number of those individuals are probably going to be exacted with rabies. General wellbeing experts should be all around advised with what binomial probabilities and dispersions are so they will have the option to settle on steady choices dependent on information that they have on hand.Oftentimes, general wellbeing specialists that have duties at the full scale level are set with choices including prioritization wherein the one liable needs to settle on a choice that would concern the division of a restricted measure of assets. With data that can be demonstrated utilizing a binomial circulation, the general wellbeing expert would have the option to have an increasingly dependable thought on the most proficient method to assign such resources.Going back to the case of rabies, if a few episodes happened simultaneously in various territories with an alternate creature causing every flare-up, at that point dependent on the likelihood of getting rabies from every specific creature and the quantity of patients chomped in every zone, a general wellbeing specialist can utilize binomial appropriations as a decent reason for dispensing a set number of faculty, gear, and medication for every one of the regions. Numerous ailments, for example, malignancy or AIDS can be portrayed as a binomial investigation. That is, one either has malignant growth or doesn't and one either has AIDS or does not.In such cases, information on the binomial dispers ion can be valuable to general wellbeing officials in empowering them to anticipate the probabilities related with the condition happening on a specific populace. References Gerstman, B. (2007). Fundamental Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health Practice. Jones and Bartlett Villeneuve, P. (2002). â€Å"Binomial Distribution. † Encyclopedia of Public Health. Ed. Lester Breslow. Hurricane Cengage. Recovered December 26, 2008 from eNotes. com: http://www. enotes. com/general wellbeing reference book/binomial-circulation

Tens of Thousands

Tens of Thousands Vague numbers like tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands and tens of millions are not scientific. They can be used as a sheer exaggeration, or they could reflect a vague number thats based on fact. Of course, you could always ask people to clarify what they really mean, or look up the real facts for yourself, but here are a few guidelines when you do use or come across numbers like this. Exaggeration When it comes to exaggeration, anything goes as long as the number is far from representing any reality. Its usually fairly obvious when someone is doing this because what they are saying is frankly impossible, or at least, unlikely. What they really mean is a lot. Although thousands and millions are more frequently used in exaggeration than tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands, theres nothing to stop people from getting creative when indulging in the art of exaggeration! Vague Real Numbers Look carefully at the phrase tens of thousands. The word tens is pluralized, so just 10,000 would be too few. You need several sets of ten to make up tens. We have now successfully eliminated all numbers from 10,000 to 19,999. As soon as we hit the 20,000 mark, we now have more than one set of ten, so we can use the plural form. This holds true all the way up to 99,999, although, by the time you get to the upper limit almost a hundred thousand, though still vague, gives a better indication of just how big the numbers are. Vague Hundreds of Thousands Now that weve looked at tens of thousands, you could probably write this paragraph for me, but in case I lost you first time round, lets take it from the top. Hundreds means more than one set of a hundred, so you cant speak of hundreds of thousands of anything without exaggerating until you get to the two hundred thousand level. You can carry on talking about hundreds of thousands until the number under discussion reaches one million, but most people would point out that anything over 900,000 is getting close to a million. Why Be Vague About Numbers? There are actually several reasons to be unclear about numbers: You dont know what the number is, and youre guessing. You have some idea of the number, but there could be more or less than that. Youre using these expressions for effect and know you may be exaggerating. You arent exaggerating, but you either dont have, or couldnt be bothered with, exact numbers. The exact numbers arent really important. How About Some Examples? People have been making fires using this method for hundreds of thousands of years. Modern humans are said to have evolved about 200,000 years ago, so its not incorrect to use hundreds of thousands. Besides, the exact number here isnt really important. What you are saying is that people have used a certain method to make fires for a very, very long time. If you do my writing challenge, youll write tens of thousands of words this year. Again, the exact number really isnt an issue in this statement. I just want people to know that they can write a lot of words using a simple challenge. If the person is interested in knowing more after reading this statement, they can look to see the exact number is 66,795 words. There must be hundreds of thousands of bacteria living on that decaying food! Heres a statement thats sheer guesswork. You have absolutely no idea how many bacteria are living on the food, but by the look of it, there must be plenty. Judging from the poll, there are tens of thousands of people who agree with me. There was a number. It was big. You cant really remember it, and you cant be bothered to get the exact figure. Was it 30,000, or was it 50,000? Youre not really sure. With how many tens of thousands of grains of salt should you take vague number statements? To put it differently, can you take people seriously when they use vague numbers? I think the best bet is to believe that they mean a lot and judging by the context, you should be able to get some idea of whether their tens or hundreds of thousands really do fall into the numerical range suggested by the phrases. All the same, you cant take numbers like that too seriously. Theyre just too broad, and they can too easily be used to make exaggerated claims. When in doubt, find out. Thats what Google is for. (Photo courtesy of James Cridland)

All Quiet And The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque

â€Å"We are forlorn like children, and experienced like old men, we are crude and sorrowful and superï ¬ cial, I believe we are lost† (Remarque 123). World War I is a tragic event that occurred in 1914 to 1918. Paul Baumer and the rest of the soldiers in the novel of â€Å"All Quiet in the Western Front† by Erich Maria Remarque are lost; they are broken from the fist World War, they don’t know anything aside from War, and they have lost their innocence during the years of maturation. When the young men heard about the War, they were excited, and full of life, they thought they were going on an adventure. The adventure began on July 28th, 1914 and Paul Baumer is five miles behind a French front. As the First World War begins, the soldiers believe it is honorable to join but as they spend more time in war and gain experience they realize war is a lot different from what they had in mind. The soldiers become more hopeless as the days and years pass. The life in the trenches was risky, and every day could be the soldiers last. â€Å"I am so alone and so without hope that I can confront them without fear† (Remarque 295). This quotation shows how Paul Baumer has lost all his hope, and desire. The soldiers no longer fight for their country, they do not desire to make it out alive, the First World War has made them so miserable, and so hopeless they have lost feelings for everything. Everyone except for Paul Baumer has died from his class. It is the beautiful season of autumn, and it starts byShow MoreRelatedAll Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque1714 Words   |  7 P agesAll Quiet on the Western Front written by Erich Maria Remarque is a narrative describing World War I from a German soldier s perspective. The story is narrated by Paul Baà ¼mer and predominantly revolves around the experiences of him and his comrades Kemmerich, Katczinsky, Kropp, Mà ¼ller, and Leer. The novel begins with Paul Baà ¼mer and his friends in a cheerful mood as extra rations are being allocated to them due to the missing soldiers. During this event, Baà ¼mer introduces and describes the variousRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque1469 Words   |  6 Pagesjoy and happiness in life. Through the experiences that the soldiers encounter, their humanity is compromised. Thus, as war strips soldiers of their innocence, they start to become disconnected from themselves and others. In All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque illustrates the negative effects war has on a soldier’s humanity, through his use of Paul’s books and the potato pancakes by revealing the soldiers loss of emotion that causes them to become detached from society. Through theseRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front, By Erich Maria Remarque732 Words   |  3 Pageshistory, war between man has been nearly inevitable. The impact of war has always been devastating on all aspects. However, loss in war is mostly seen within the loss of land, wealth and the numbers of lives lost. There are few accounts of the true losses felt from war, the loss felt by the survivors and the true cost of human life. In the excerpt from All Quiet on the Western Front, by Erich Maria Remarque, illustrates the impact on human life and question what the cost of human life was impacted. WhileRead MoreAll Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque800 Words   |  3 Pages All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque was the war novel that changed what ‘war novel’ meant. No longer would war be a fantasy for the growing genera tion, but a real-life death trap. World War I came with many innovations to warfare: machine guns, poison gases, trench-style warfare. While these technologies were supposed to improve warfare, it made war longer with more casualties. In All Quiet on the Western Front war is not looked up to, it is looked down upon from the perspectiveRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque2100 Words   |  9 Pagesthoughts, feelings and experiences. All Quiet on the Western Front written by Erich Maria Remarque, which takes World War I as background, is the great war novel which talks about the German soldiers extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the hopeless of these soldiers about the â€Å"future† – the time the war would have ended. All Quiet on the Western Front is narrated by Paul Bà ¤umer, a twenty-years-old German soldier who fights in the French front in World War I. Paul and his classmatesRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque1292 Words   |  6 PagesGermany flourished on the nationalism in the early 1900’s of its people. Ready to encounter an attack at any moment and any time. People forget the decision of war until they are in the flame of its fire. 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He and a bunch of his friends from high school join an army voluntarily. They heard their teacher (Kantorek) in class giving patriotic speeches. After joining the army, Paul and his friends soon come to a conclusion that joining the army was not what they thought itRead MoreAll Quiet On The Western Front By Erich Maria Remarque1222 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Learning Lessons There is no doubt that when war occurs, every single human being is affected by it even if it is just a little. In the novel, â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front† written by Erich Maria Remarque, a group of teenage men, who also appear to by classmates, are in the German army of World War I because they have chosen to leave their adolescence at home and school for grown up work at the army. Throughout this fictional novel, they face many challenges that result in them not seeing

Uncertainty As A Necessary Property Of The Universe

Uncertainty as a Necessary Property of the Universe There is a value in being uncertain about certainty; the value is seen in stress reduction, both in science/professional life as well as in day-to-day mundane life. The value also exists in the perpetuation or the drive for innovation. The common knee-jerk reaction to a presentation of uncertainty is to hold fear or contempt, but after some more careful consideration, uncertainty appears to be very important in nature. There are even ways to capitalize, or exploit, uncertainty for benefit. In science or professional life, embracing uncertainty allows for loosened restrictions on modeling (not to be confused with gross negligence; not referring to introduced uncertainties), higher level induction via empirically determined boundary conditions, and boons in funding for research. The mathematical model only needs to apply to a specific set of conditions. As a scientist, you need not focus on a general model that accounts for all variables. Stresses involved when pressed for resources are then reduced because the focus can be deliberately placed on only the variables you are exploring, or validity of the model needs to be only with a specific set of conditions. The final model can yield nonsense acceptably when used outside the intended conditions. Additionally, boundary conditions can be identified leading to general evolution of systems. Sometimes boundary conditions lead you to the relative stabilities of sets of solutionsShow MoreRelatedQuantum Mechanics and Islam Essa y1602 Words   |  7 Pages(McKee, M. 2006). This finding has led to the wide acceptance of duality behaviour of subatomic particles; both as wave and particle. The discovery of quantum mechanics marks the transition of classical physics to modern physics. The Uncertainty Principle The uncertainty principle which was formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926 is arguably the most popular quantum theory to date. In order to predict the future position and velocity of a particle, one has to be able to measure its present positionRead MoreThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God1957 Words   |  8 PagesCause of the universe, whereas the second, the Thomist cosmological argument, purposes to establish a sustaining Ground of Being of the world. Finally, the Leibnizian cosmological argument contends for a Sufficient Reason why something exists rather than nothing. This examination will utilize the KCA (as popularized by William Lane Craig) which is a deductive syllogism, consisting of two premises and a conclusion. It states, 1. Everything that begins to exist has a cause. 2. The universe began to existRead MoreEssay on Pythagoras and His Contributions to Modern Mathematics1209 Words   |  5 Pagesicosahedron, dodecahedron) although he could only construct the first two, as well as teaching that the earth was a sphere and that the paths of the paths of the planets were circular, although he still believed the Earth to be at the center of the universe. Pythagoras is believed by some to have discovered irrational numbers as well, but this seems unlikely since it went against his belief that all things were numbers, for number to him meant the ratio of two whole numbers. Pythagoras was also knowRead MoreEssay on The Genius that Was Pythagoras1440 Words   |  6 Pagesicosa- hedron, dodecahedron) although he could only construct the rst two, as well as teaching that the earth was a sphere and that the paths of the paths of the planets were circular, although he still believed the Earth to be at the center of the universe. Pythagoras is believed by some to have discovered irrational numbers as well, but this seems unlikely since it went against his belief that all things were numbers, for number to him meant the ratio of two whole numbers. Pythagoras was also knowRead MorePhil 101. Lizhi Xing, Netid: Lxing3. The Falsehood Of Determinism.3570 Words   |  15 Pagesassumptions. Moreover, we should believe that there are goodness and evilness in the world which are not deterministic, and we do need to burden our moral responsibilities. Our physical universe and our mental world are neither deterministic because of two special existence, randomness among the entire universe and free will of human kinds. Like many terms, randomness and free will have various definitions. 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Russell states this isn’t important because they are not useful to the â€Å"man of science†, and in no way assist him in explaining the phenomena. Russell mentions the fact that there is an objective andRead MoreNaturalism Versus Christianity3872 Words   |  16 PagesFor Naturalists, history represents a â€Å"linier stream of events linked by cause and effect but without an overarching purpose.† (Sire, 68) The beginning of â€Å"human family is found in nature;† and the beginning of nature is found in the â€Å"origin of the universe.† (Sire, 68) Humans were brought forth from lesser beings as a process called evolution. (Strobel, 27) History, either human or natural, moves in sequences of cause and effects. (Sire, 68) There is n o Supernatural being (God) that is active or evidentRead MoreEssay on Arguments Against Skepticism4197 Words   |  17 PagesHowever, after recording information about position, shape, height, etc., they disagree about how to interpret the empirical results. Then the realist says: ``this mountain, which the two of us have found, not only has the ascertained geographical properties, but is, in addition, also real Â… The idealist on the other hand says: ``on the contrary, the mountain itself is not real, only our Â… perceptions and conscious processes are real. After saying a bit more about the non-empirical nature of the

Medieval Europe And The Renaissance Essay - 3095 Words

1. Renaissance - The Renaissance was a time in which Medieval Europe transformed into more modern times. Renaissance means rebirth in French. Medieval Europe had been fragmented and feudal with an agricultural economy, and the church controlled its thought and culture. During the Renaissance, Europe grew national consciousness and political centralization. An urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism and a secular view on life emerged. The Renaissance showed the birth of humanism, which revives the use of classical writings for learning. Materialism also emerged during this time, people started to focus more on themselves. And individualism and skepticism also came about. Banking was a great supporter of the Renaissance, Italian bankers were bankers of the pope and all trade was going through them. Cities rise in importance and farms get closed off and are owned privately which moves toward a market economy. The Renaissance was not an economic boom because the advancem ents were happening in different places, at different times and at different rates. Literature was very important during this time. Literature was starting to be written in the vernacular and the German printing press was developed. More and more people became patrons of the arts and art became more for the people than for religion. Science was slowly changing and being slightly more accepted even though it was still morally wrong to most to believe that earth was not at the center of the worldShow MoreRelatedThe Transition Of Medieval And Modern Times1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe transition of Medieval to Modern happened over a long period of time. The middle ages marked a dark time in Europe’s history, and the people were anxious to get out. The Renaissance began, and art emerged to create a brighter society. 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Manchester’s central proposition was â€Å"The power of the medieval mind had been irrevocably broken†Read MoreArt : Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art1248 Words   |  5 Pagesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx December 19, 2012 Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art Medieval art period Medieval art covers a large scope of time. The period covered over 1000 years of art in Europe, Middle East and North Africa. The period was characterized by major art movements based on national art and regional art. There was also the aspect of revivals and artists crafts. Art historians have been successful in classifying medieval art into major periods and styles. This is oftenRead MoreThe Renaissance Essay758 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance Renaissance is the period of European history that saw a renewed interest in the arts. The Renaissance began in 14th-century Italy and spread to the rest of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period, the fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages, with its agricultural economy and church-dominated intellectual and cultural life, was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions, with an urban, commercial economy and lay patronageRead MoreArt in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect in Society1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medieval period also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era; this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on the hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this class structure were kin gs, lords, neighboring kings, peasants and church leaders. In the Middle Ages, art evolvesRead MoreWhy Did The Renaissance Come From Northern Europe?1696 Words   |  7 PagesWhy did the Renaissance come later to northern Europe than to Italy and what were its distinctive characteristics? The Renaissance, a term coined by Giorgio Vasari in 1550 , is used to describe the period of cultural and intellectual change which started in Italy and then spread across the rest of Europe. This development in society led to Europe stepping out of the medieval era and becoming a powerhouse on a global scale. The Italian Renaissance is what the majority of people think ofRead MoreBirth of Sain John the Baptist Painting1044 Words   |  4 Pagesthe common myths on understanding the difference in middle age and Renaissance period is that Christian elements disappeared in people’s life and that the community totally flipped from ‘religious’ to ‘secular’ society. However, with the change in the society through the extensive amount of trades and cultural contact with the vanished civilization of classical era, people of Renaissance realized how to be ‘human’. Previously, medieval people only express themselves through God and churc h because ofRead MoreA World Lit Only By Fire Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesoffended. This author attempted to write this book to defend an unpopular view among historians that the medieval world was backward in the terms of culture, religion, and technology. This world was destroyed by the blossoming of confidence in reason and the progress of art, literacy, astronomy, geography, and theology. In the first chapter the book is speaking about Manchester’s conception of the medieval mindset. 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This hallmark thought however, would be nonexistent without the arts. The arts and artists of the Renaissance period and the Enlightenment reflect the prevailing values of not only Western Europe but in fact the Western world as a whole. Prior to the Renaissance, Europe

Kants Humanity Formula Essay Example For Students

Kants Humanity Formula Essay Kant: The Humanity Formula Few formulas in philosophy have been so widely accepted and variously interpreted as Kants injunction to treat humanity as an end in itself(Hill, 38). Immanuel Kants views, as elucidated in his book, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, are based on the belief that people count by prohibiting actions which exploit other individuals in order for self-prosperity or altruistic ends. Ethics then, are confirmed by the dignity and worth of the rational agency of each person. Since human beings are the only rational beings capable of decision making and reasonable judgement, humanity must be valued. Kant proposes a test that ensures that humanity is treated with respect, and not used merely as an instrument. To understand how he defines this test, we must first take a look at the foundation of his main principle, the Categorical Imperative. Kants way of determining morality of actions is quite different from other philosophers, and many find it extremely hard to grasp or implausible. The central concept of his basic test for morality found in his Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The representation of an objective principle, insofar as it is necessitating for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an imperative(Kant, 24). In other words, an imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in a way in which conforms to moral law. Imperatives can also be referred to as the supreme principle of morality. According to Kant, there are two types of imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives are actions that look for the best means to a goal, however, the goal might not necessarily be an end in itself. On the other hand, the categorical imperative is an objectively necessary means to an end in itself, and the action to obtain the end, must have moral worth. If we as rational agents, have any morality at all Kant says, it takes the form of rational, categorical imperatives (commands of reason) and is found a priori excluding all interests and desires. These commands of reason are proven by the Universal Law Formula, which when applied, is a method for determining the morality of actions. How is this formula applied though? Kantian philosophy is derived from the belief that actions should be universalizable, and this formula, which is a two-part test, ensures that actions of rational agents can be universally accepted. First, one creates a maxim and considers whether the maxim could possibly be a universal law for all rational beings. Second, one determines whether rational beings would will it to be a universal law. Once the maxim passes both tests, there are no exceptions to it. Kant truly believed in the value of humanity, and felt that everyone should be subjected to the same moral standards. The Universal Law Formula was his method of ensuring this, requiring maxims to be universally acceptable to all rational beings. In the latter half of Section II, he imposes even further stringent requirements for treating humanity in universally acceptable means by proposing his Humanity Formula. Human beings have the special capacity to exercise rational judgement, foresee future consequences, adopt long-range goals, and resist immediate temptation, so we must therefore value rational agents as an end (Hill, 40-41). This yields one of three formulations of the categorical imperative, and the one that is most worth discussing, the humanity formula: So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means (Kant, 38). Kant probably intended persons are ends and humanity in persons is an end and therefore humans should be treated in a humane way. In other words, we must always treat people with respect to the virtue of their rational capacity and as though their existence alone is valuable. According to Kant, treating people as rational agents and means to ends, also demands (if the agent is fully rational) consent. Treating people only in ways to which they could consent, in so far as they are rational, not merely as means .